Four families of varroa treatment, four different sets of constraints. How each one works, what temperature and brood conditions it needs, and why using the same one every year will eventually stop working.
Varroa control succeeds or fails on the calendar, not on the brand name on the packet. Here is how to plan monitoring and treatment across a full season.
A marked queen is faster to find, her age is obvious at a glance, and a supersedure is impossible to miss. Here is the five-year colour code, the technique, and why water-based paint markers are the tool of choice.